1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
DoxaduraTM XL 4mg Prolonged Release Tablets
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
One prolonged-release tablet contains 4mg doxazosin (as mesilate).
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Prolonged-release tablet.
White, round, biconvex tablets, with bossing “DL” on one side.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Essential hypertension.
Symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
The tablets should be swallowed whole with a sufficient amount of liquid. The patient should not chew, divide or crush the tablet.
DoxaduraTM XL 4mg can be taken with or without food.
The maximum recommended dose is 8mg doxazosin once daily.
Essential hypertension:
Adults:
Most patients treated with DoxaduraTM XL 4mg once daily achieve control of blood pressure. It may take up to four weeks to reach optimal effect. If necessary, the dose can thereafter be increased to 8mg once daily depending on the clinical response.
DoxaduraTM XL 4mg can be used as monotherapy or in combination with another medicinal product e.g. a thiazide diuretic, a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, a calcium antagonist or an ACE-inhibitor if either of them alone does not provide sufficient effect.
Symptomatic treatment of Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
Adults:
Recommended dose is 4mg once daily. Depending on clinical response, the dosage may be increased to 8mg doxazosin once daily.
Doxazosin may be used in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients who are either hypertensive or normotensive, as the blood pressure reduction in normotensive patients is generally slight. Patients should be closely monitored in the initial phase of the treatment due to the risk of postural adverse events.
Elderly:
Same dosage recommendations as for adults.
Patients with renal impairment:
Since there is no change in pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired renal function and since there are no signs that doxazosin aggravates existing renal impairment, normal dose can generally be used in these patients.
Patients with hepatic impairment:
Doxazosin should be administered with caution in patients with signs of minor to moderate hepatic impairment. Since no clinical experience from patients with severe hepatic insufficiency exists, use in these patients is not recommended (see section 4.4).
Paediatric patients:
There are not sufficient data to recommend the use in children and adolescents.
4.3 Contraindications
Doxazosin is contraindicated in
− Patients with a known hypersensitivity to quinazolines (e.g. prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin), or any of the excipients
− Patients with a history of orthostatic hypotension
− Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and concomitant congestion of the upper urinary tract, chronic urinary tract infection or bladder stones.
− Patients with a history of gastro-intestinal obstruction, oesophageal obstruction, or any degree of decreased lumen diameter of the gastro-intestinal tract 1
− During lactation (please see section 4.6)2
− Patients with hypotension3
Doxazosin is contraindicated as monotherapy in patients with either overflow bladder, or anuria with or without progressive renal insufficiency.
1 For patients taking the prolonged release tablets only.
2 For the hypertension indication only
3 For the benign prostatic hyperplasia indication only
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Information to be given to the Patient: Patients should be informed that doxazosin tablets should be swallowed whole. Patients should not chew, divide or crush the tablets.
For some prolonged-release formulations the active compound is surrounded by an inert, non absorbable coating that is designed to control the release of the drug over a prolonged period. After transit through the gastrointestinal tract, the empty tablet shell is excreted. Patients should be advised not to be concerned if they occasionally observe remains in their stools that look like a tablet.
Abnormally short transit times through the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. following surgical resection) could result in incomplete absorption. In view of the long half life of doxazosin the clinical significance of this is unclear.
Initiation of Therapy: In relation with the alpha-blocking properties of doxazosin, patients may experience postural hypotension evidenced by dizziness and weakness, or rarely loss of consciousness (syncope), particularly with the commencement of therapy. Therefore, it is prudent medical practice to monitor blood pressure on initiation of therapy to minimise the potential for postural effects. The patient should be cautioned to avoid situations where injury could result should dizziness or weakness occur during the initiation of doxazosin therapy.
Use in patients with Acute Cardiac Conditions: As with any other vasodilatory anti-hypertensive agent it is prudent medical practice to advise caution when administering doxazosin to patients with the following acute cardiac conditions:
- pulmonary oedema due to aortic or mitral stenosis
- heart failure at high output
- right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary embolism or pericardial effusion
- left ventricular heart failure with low filling pressure.
Use in Hepatically Impaired Patients: As with any drug wholly metabolised by the liver, doxazosin should be administered with particular caution to patients with evidence of impaired hepatic function. Since there is no clinical experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment use in these patients is not recommended.
Use with PDE-5 inhibitors: Concomitant use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil) and doxazosin may lead to symptomatic hypotension in some patients. In order to minimise the risk for developing postural hypotension the patient should be stable on the alpha-blocker therapy before initiating use of phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors.
Use in patients undergoing cataract surgery: The 'Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome' (IFIS, a variant of small pupil syndrome) has been observed during cataract surgery in some patients on or previously treated with tamsulosin. Isolated reports have also been received with other alpha-1 blockers and the possibility of a class effect cannot be excluded. As IFIS may lead to increased procedural complications during the cataract operation current or past use of alpha-1 blockers should be made known to the ophthalmic surgeon in advance of surgery.
Laboratory data
Doxazosin may influence the plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid. This should be considered when analysing laboratory data.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Concomitant use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil) and doxazosin may lead to symptomatic hypotension in some patients (see section 4.4).
Most (98%) of plasma doxazosin is protein bound. In vitro data in human plasma indicate that doxazosin has no effect on protein binding of digoxin, warfarin, phenytoin or indometacin.
Conventional doxazosin has been administered without any adverse drug interaction in clinical experience with thiazide diuretics, furosemide, beta-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, oral hypoglycaemic drugs, uricosuric agents, and anticoagulants. However, data from formal drug/drug interaction studies are not present.
Doxazosin potentiates the blood pressure lowering activity of other alpha-blockers and other antihypertensives.
In an open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 22 healthy male volunteers, the administration of a single 1 mg dose of doxazosin on day 1 of a four-day regimen of oral cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) resulted in a 10% increase in mean AUC of doxazosin, and no statistically significant changes in mean Cmax and mean half-life of doxazosin. The 10% increase in the mean AUC for doxazosin with cimetidine is within intersubject variation (27%) of the mean AUC for doxazosin with placebo.
Non-steroidal antirheumatics or estrogens may reduce the antihypertensive effect of doxazosin.
Sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effect of doxazosin; doxazosin may reduce blood pressure and vascular reactions to dopamine, ephedrine, epinephrine, metaraminol, methoxamine and phenylephrine.
There are no studies available concerning interactions with agents influencing hepatic metabolism.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
For the hypertension indication:
As there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women, the safety of doxazosin during pregnancy has not been established. Accordingly, during pregnancy, doxazosin should be used only if the potential benefit outweighs the risk. Although no teratogenic effects were seen in animal testing, reduced foetal survival was observed in animals at high doses (see Section 5.3: Preclinical Safety Data).
Doxazosin is contraindicated during lactation as the drug accumulates in milk of lactating rats and there is no information about the excretion of the drug into the milk of lactating women.
Alternatively, mothers should stop breast-feeding when treatment with doxazosin is necessary (Please see section 5.3).
For the benign prostatic hyperplasia indication:
This section is not applicable.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
The ability to engage in activities such as operating machinery or operating a motor vehicle may be impaired, especially when initiating therapy.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Frequencies used are as follows: Very common
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4.9 Overdose
Should overdosage lead to hypotension, the patient should be immediately placed in a supine, head down position. Other supportive measures should be performed if thought appropriate in individual cases. Since doxazosin is highly protein bound, dialysis is not indicated.
Toxicity
There is limited data on the effect of overdoses. Syncope occurred in a fasting adult who had taken doxazosin 16 mg. A 13-year-old experienced moderate intoxication following a maximum dose of doxazosin 40 mg.
Symptoms:
Headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, syncope, dyspnoea, hypotension, palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia. Nausea, vomiting. Possibly hypoglycaemia, hypokalaemia.
Treatment:
Ventricle emptying and charcoal if required. In cases of hypotension: lower the head position, provide intravenous fluids and if needed vasopressors (for instance noradrenaline or ephedrine). Provide symptomatic treatment as needed.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists
ATC code: C02CA04
The generic name for the active substance in DoxaduraTM XL 4mg is doxazosin, which is a quinazoline derivative. Doxazosin has a vasodilating effect through selective and competitive blocking of postsynaptic alpha-1-receptors.
With once daily dosing, clinically significant reductions in blood pressure are present throughout the day and at 24-hours post dose.
Habituation has not been observed during long-term treatment with doxazosin immediate release tablets. Increase in plasma renin activity and tachycardia have rarely been seen during long-term treatment.
Doxazosin has a beneficial effect on blood lipids with significant increase of HDL/total cholesterol ratio (app. 4-13% of base line values). The clinical relevance of these findings is still unknown.
Doxazosin improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired sensitivity to insulin. Treatment with doxazosin immediate release tablets has been shown to result in regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Studies on morbidity and mortality have not yet been terminated.
Hypertension:
Analysis of two dose-effect studies (including a total of 630 patients treated with doxazosin) have shown that patients treated with immediate release tablets in dosages of 1mg, 2mg or 4mg are equally controlled on doxazosin prolonged-release tablets containing 4mg.
Interim analysis of the study “Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial” (ALLHAT) shows that patients with hypertension and at least one other clinical risk factor for coronary heart disease treated with doxazosin are exposed to a doubled risk for chronic heart failure compared to patients treated with chlortalidone. Furthermore, they had 25% higher risk of developing clinically significant cardiovascular disorders. The doxazosin arm of ALLHAT was discontinued as a result of these findings. There was no difference in mortality.
The results are difficult to interpret due to various reasons such as differences in effect on systolic blood pressure and discontinuation of diuretics in the doxazosin-treated group prior to commencement of the treatment.
Benign Prostatic hyperplasia:
Doxazosin has been shown to inhibit phenylephrine induced contraction in the prostate. High levels of alpha-1-adrenoreceptors have been observed in the prostatic muscular stroma, the proximal part of the urethra and base of the urinary bladder, which medicates smooth muscle tonus in the prostatic part of the urethra. Blocking alpha-1-adrenoreceptors through doxazosin reduces the tonus of the smooth muscle in the prostatic part of the urethra which facilitates the urinary flow. This is the pharmacological basis for clinical use of doxazosin in treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Effect and safety studies (with a total of 1,317 patients treated with doxazosin) have only been performed in patients with a baseline of
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption:
After oral administration of therapeutic doses, doxazosin prolonged-release tablets are well absorbed with peak blood levels gradually reached at 6 to 8 hours after dosing. Peak plasma levels are approximately one third of the level obtained after administration of immediate release doxazosin tablets. Trough levels at 24 hours are, however, similar for both formulations.
The pharmacokinetic properties of doxazosin in prolonged-release tablets lead to a minor variation in plasma levels.
Peak/trough ratio of doxazosin prolonged-release tablets is less than half that of immediate release doxazosin tablets.
At steady-state, the relative bioavailability of doxazosin from prolonged-release tablets compared to that of immediate release form was 54% at the 4mg dose and 59% at the 8mg dose.
Concomitant intake of food results in a somewhat higher degree of absorption, AUC is 14% higher and Cmax 23% higher compared with intake when fasting. Cmin is unaffected by concomitant food intake.
Distribution:
Approximately 98% of doxazosin is protein-bound in plasma. Volume of distribution: 1 litre/kg.
Biotransformation:
Doxazosin is primarily metabolised by O-demethylation and hydroxylation. Doxazosin is extensively metabolised with <5% excreted as unchanged product.
Elimination:
Clearance of doxazosin is 1.3 ml/min/kg.
The plasma elimination is biphasic with the terminal elimination half-life being 22 hours and hence this provides the basic for once daily dosing.
Elderly:
Pharmacokinetic studies with doxazosin prolonged-release tablets in the elderly have shown no significant altera-tions compared to younger patients.
Renal impairment:
Pharmacokinetic studies with doxazosin immediate release tablets in patients with renal impairment did not show any significant alterations compared to that of patients with normal renal function.
Liver impairment:
There are only limited data concerning patients with liver impairment and on the effects of medicinal products known to influence hepatic metabolism (e.g. cimetidine). In a clinical study of 12 subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, single dose administration of doxazosin resulted in an increase of AUC of 43% and a decrease in oral clearance of approximately 30%.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated toxicity, toxicity to reproduction, genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Tablet core:
Polyethylene oxide
Microcrystalline cellulose
Povidone
All-rac-α-Tocopherol
Colloidal anhydrous silica
Sodium stearyl fumarate
Butylhydroxytoluene (E321)
Tablet coat:
Methacrylic acid - ethyl acrylate copolymer (1:1)
Colloidal anhydrous silica
Macrogol
Titanium dioxide (E171)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable
6.3 Shelf Life
3 years
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Blister (PVC/PVDC/aluminium)
Cartons with 10, 20, 28, 30, 50, 56, 60, 90, 98, 100, 140 (10x14) prolonged-release tablets
Calendar packs of 28 and 98 prolonged-release tablets
Unit dose pack of 50 x 1 prolonged-release tablets
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Genus Pharmaceuticals Limited
T/A Genus Pharmaceuticals
Park View House
65 London Road
Newbury
Berkshire
RG14 1JN UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 06831/0171
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 9 February 2007
Date of last renewal: 9 July 2009
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
23 April 2010
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